{"id":40624,"date":"2023-06-07T19:50:00","date_gmt":"2023-06-08T00:50:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flex.com\/resources\/thermal-design-tools-for-system-integration-of-dc-dc-converters"},"modified":"2026-03-19T12:00:28","modified_gmt":"2026-03-19T17:00:28","slug":"thermal-design-tools-for-system-integration-of-dc-dc-converters","status":"publish","type":"resource","link":"https:\/\/flex.com\/zh\/resources\/thermal-design-tools-for-system-integration-of-dc-dc-converters","title":{"rendered":"\u7528\u4e8e\u76f4\u6d41\/\u76f4\u6d41\u8f6c\u6362\u5668\u7cfb\u7edf\u96c6\u6210\u7684\u70ed\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5de5\u5177"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"overscroll-top\" style=\"background-color: #eaeef4;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"resource-header block\">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\t<a title=\"Homepage\" href=\"\/\">Flex<\/a>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\"><path d=\"M365.3 256l-22.6 22.6-192 192L128 493.3 82.7 448l22.6-22.6L274.7 256 105.4 86.6 82.7 64 128 18.7l22.6 22.6 192 192L365.3 256z\"\/><\/svg>\n\t\t\t<a title=\"Resources\" href=\"\/resources\">Resources<\/a>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\"><path d=\"M365.3 256l-22.6 22.6-192 192L128 493.3 82.7 448l22.6-22.6L274.7 256 105.4 86.6 82.7 64 128 18.7l22.6 22.6 192 192L365.3 256z\"\/><\/svg>\n\t\t\t<a title=\"Thermal design tools for system integration of DC\/DC converters\">Thermal design tools for system integration of DC\/DC converters<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<h1>Thermal design tools for system integration of DC\/DC converters<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"separator\"><\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"details\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"date detail\">\n\t\t\t\tPosted on<br>\n\t\t\t\t7 6 \u6708, 2023\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"categories\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"categories-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cat-tag\">Blog<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"cat-tag\" data-cat-level=\"2\" data-destination=\"\/industries\/communications#resources\" href=\"\/industries\/communications#resources\">Communications<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"cat-tag\" data-cat-level=\"3\" data-destination=\"https:\/\/flex.com\/industries\/data-center?subcategories=data-center-power#resources\" href=\"https:\/\/flex.com\/industries\/data-center?subcategories=data-center-power#resources\">Data Center Power<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cat-tag\" data-cat-level=\"1\">Industries<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"cat-tag\" data-cat-level=\"3\" data-destination=\"\/industries\/industrial?subcategories=power#resources\" href=\"\/industries\/industrial?subcategories=power#resources\">Power<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"cat-tag\" data-cat-level=\"2\" data-destination=\"\/power-modules#resources\" href=\"\/power-modules#resources\">Power Modules<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"sidebar block normal-sidebar\">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"content\">\n\t\t\t\n\n<p>Back in the day, board-mounted DC\/DC converters for supply rails in digital systems were so large for their rated power that they were derogatively called \u2018bricks\u2019. It was a bit unfair, as they were never as big as even the smaller building bricks, but they certainly took up substantial, valuable board space. One of the main reasons for their size was the need to provide sufficient surface area for cooling, which often relied on convection or incidental system airflow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Over the years, improved efficiency and consequent lower losses have eased the situation, allowing smaller parts, but at the same time, load power demanded has increased dramatically, particularly in typical data center applications, with the emergence of \u2018the cloud\u2019, AI and high-performance computing. Additionally, as voltages drop and currents increase, converters need to be fitted ever closer to their loads to avoid voltage and power loss in connections, and this has made size more of an issue with sometimes thousands of CPU connections having to mix in with the power traces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At the same time, this puts the converter in a hotter environment. When the load was 100 W and the DC\/DC dissipated 15 W a few inches away, they could be cooled separately and thermal interactions largely neglected, but when the figures are more like 1 kW and 50 W with little physical separation, the DC\/DC and load must be treated as thermally inter-dependent.<\/p>\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"sidebar normal-column\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"id-69d8f49878d94\" class=\"box block full-width dark-content zh \" style=\"background-color: transparent; background-image: none;\">\n\t<style>\n\t\t#id-69d8f49878d94 > .container > .content {\n\t\t\tbackground-color: transparent;\n\t\t\tposition: relative;\n\t\t\tpadding-top: 48px;\n\t\t\tpadding-right: 0px;\n\t\t\tpadding-bottom: 84px;\n\t\t\tpadding-left: 0px;\n\t\t\tmargin-left: 0px;\n\t\t\tmargin-right: 0px;\n\t\t}\n\t\t@media (max-width: 1272px) {\n\t\t\t#id-69d8f49878d94.box.block.full-width > .container > .content {\n\t\t\t\tpadding-left: 0 !important;\n\t\t\t\tpadding-right: 0 !important;\n\t\t\t\tmargin: 0 !important;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\t@media (max-width: 960px) {\n\t\t\t#id-69d8f49878d94 > .container > .content {\n\t\t\t\t\/\/padding-top: 24px;\n\t\t\t\tpadding-right: 0px;\n\t\t\t\t\/\/padding-bottom: 42px;\n\t\t\t\tpadding-left: 0px;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t<\/style>\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"content\">\n\t\t\t\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" id=\"h-dc-dc-and-load-must-be-considered-as-one-thermal-system\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:600\">DC\/DC and load must be considered as one thermal system<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Taking the DC\/DC and load together, cooling can be achieved in a combination of ways, from simple air convection to cold walls and fluid immersion, but typically, forced air is common for cost sensitive commercial and industrial applications. However, there is often no space for a heatsink to be attached to the DC\/DC, so the surface from which heat is removed by air flow is limited. It\u2019s therefore common to rely on heat transfer through the converter pins to the circuit board, which anyway has wide copper traces to cope with the high currents typically seen. Air flow then transfers heat from the DC\/DC and the surface of the PCB which itself could also be heated by other components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Things might be relatively simple if heat dissipation in the load and power converters were constant, but modern data processing systems \u2018throttle back\u2019 and accelerate tasks to make efficient use of processing capability and minimize average power draw.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"id-69d8f4986f341\" class=\"columns block\">\n\t<style>\n\t\t#id-69d8f4986f341 .column, #id-69d8f4986f341 .wp-block-acf-column {\n\t\t\tpadding: 0 24px;\n\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\t#id-69d8f4986f341 > .container.show-rules .column+.column, #id-69d8f4986f341 > .container.show-rules .wp-block-acf-column+.wp-block-acf-column {\n\t\t\tborder-color: rgba(38, 38, 38, 0.2);\n\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\t#id-69d8f4986f341 .column, #id-69d8f4986f341 .wp-block-acf-column {\n\t\t\t.code.block {\n\t\t\t\t.container {\n\t\t\t\t\t.tagembed-widget {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tmax-width: 600px;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\t@media (max-width: 1320px) {\n\t\t\t#id-69d8f4986f341 > .container {\n\t\t\t\tdisplay: block;\n\t\t\t\tmax-width: 600px;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\t@media (max-width: 1320px) {\n\t\t\t#id-69d8f4986f341 > .container > .column, #id-69d8f4986f341 > .container > .wp-block-acf-column {\n\t\t\t\tpadding: 36px 0 0 0 !important;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\t@media (max-width: 1320px) {\n\t\t\t#id-69d8f4986f341 > .container > .column:first-child, #id-69d8f4986f341 > .container > .wp-block-acf-column:first-child {\n\t\t\t\tpadding: 0 !important;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\t@media (max-width: 1320px) {\n\t\t\t#id-69d8f4986f341 > .container.show-rules .column+.column, #id-69d8f4986f341 > .container.show-rules .wp-block-acf-column+.wp-block-acf-column {\n\t\t\t\tborder-left: none;\n\t\t\t\tborder-top: 1px solid rgba(38, 38, 38, 0.2);\n\t\t\t\tpadding: 30px 0 0 0 !important;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 30px;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t<\/style>\n\t<div class=\"container align-center\">\n\t\t\n<div class=\"column block\">\n\t\n\n<p>Voltage rails are \u2018dynamically scaled\u2019 to achieve this so DC\/DCs not only see wide variation in loads but also other operating conditions \u2014 input and output voltages and air temperature. These variations in turn affect the converter efficiency, changing heat levels to be dissipated. In the most \u2018finely tuned\u2019 systems, peak loads are not expected to be thermally sustainable over longer periods without exceeding maximum component internal temperatures, so both the load and DC\/DC are typically characterized with a continuous and peak load rating, which has to be carefully monitored so as not to exceed critical temperatures. Flex Power Modules\u2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/flexpowermodules.com\/products\/bmr491\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">BMR491<\/a> series (<strong>Figure 1<\/strong>) is an example of a product rated at 1540 W as a thermal limit, but at 2450 W peak for a limited time, depending on starting temperature.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"column block\">\n\t\n<div id=\"id_69d8f4986c731\" class=\"media block\">\n\t<div class=\"container media-center \">\n\t\t<div class=\"media\" style=\"left: 0px; min-width: 100%; max-width: 100%;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<script>\n\t(function () {\n\t\tlet hasRun_id_69d8f4986c731 = false;\n\t\tfunction updateVideoDisplay_id_69d8f4986c731() {\n\t\t\tconst youtubeVideoId = \"\";\n\t\t\tconst bynderID = \"\";\n\t\t\tconst mediaType = \"image\";\n\t\t\tconst mediaVideoElement = document.getElementById('media-video-id_69d8f4986c731');\n\t\t\tconst bodyClass = document.body.className || '';\n\t\t\tconst match = bodyClass.match(\/translatepress-([a-z]{2})(?:_[A-Z]{2})?\/i);\n\t\t\tconst currentLanguage = match ? 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We appreciate your patience and look forward to sharing it with you soon.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t`;\n\t\t\t\tmediaVideoElement.appendChild(errorDiv);\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\tfunction runVideoInjection() {\n\t\t\tif (hasRun_id_69d8f4986c731) return;\n\t\t\thasRun_id_69d8f4986c731 = true;\n\t\t\tupdateVideoDisplay_id_69d8f4986c731();\n\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\t\/\/ Always run on front-end\n\t\tif (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n\t\t\tdocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', runVideoInjection);\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\trunVideoInjection();\n\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\t\/\/ Also run in editor if available\n\t\tif (typeof wp !== 'undefined' && wp.domReady) {\n\t\t\twp.domReady(runVideoInjection);\n\t\t}\n\t})();\n\t<\/script>\n\t\n\t<script>\n\t\tdocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\/\/ Get the block element by ID\n\t\t\tvar blockElement = document.getElementById(\"id_69d8f4986c731\");\n\t\t\tif (!blockElement) return;\n\t\n\t\t\t\/\/ Reveal the block\n\t\t\t(function ($) {\n\t\t\t\tScrollReveal().reveal(blockElement.querySelector(\".container .media\"), {origin: \"bottom\", distance: \"20px\", opacity: 1, duration: 1000});\n\t\t\t\tScrollReveal().reveal(blockElement.querySelector(\".container .content\"), {origin: \"bottom\", distance: \"20px\", opacity: 1, duration: 1000});\n\t\t\t}(jQuery));\n\t\t});\n\t<\/script>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\"><em>Figure 1: A DC\/DC with high peak to continuous power rating \u2014 BMR491<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:600\">Simulation is the way forward<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Understandably, with all the interacting variables, traditional analytical methods to predict critical temperatures in components are not practical and simulation is the way forward.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"id-69d8f4987492d\" class=\"columns block\">\n\t<style>\n\t\t#id-69d8f4987492d .column, #id-69d8f4987492d .wp-block-acf-column {\n\t\t\tpadding: 0 12px;\n\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\t#id-69d8f4987492d > .container.show-rules .column+.column, #id-69d8f4987492d > .container.show-rules .wp-block-acf-column+.wp-block-acf-column {\n\t\t\tborder-color: rgba(38, 38, 38, 0.2);\n\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\t#id-69d8f4987492d .column, #id-69d8f4987492d .wp-block-acf-column {\n\t\t\t.code.block {\n\t\t\t\t.container {\n\t\t\t\t\t.tagembed-widget {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tmax-width: 600px;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\t@media (max-width: 1320px) {\n\t\t\t#id-69d8f4987492d > .container {\n\t\t\t\tdisplay: block;\n\t\t\t\tmax-width: 600px;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\t@media (max-width: 1320px) {\n\t\t\t#id-69d8f4987492d > .container > .column, #id-69d8f4987492d > .container > .wp-block-acf-column {\n\t\t\t\tpadding: 36px 0 0 0 !important;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\t@media (max-width: 1320px) {\n\t\t\t#id-69d8f4987492d > .container > .column:first-child, #id-69d8f4987492d > .container > .wp-block-acf-column:first-child {\n\t\t\t\tpadding: 0 !important;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\t@media (max-width: 1320px) {\n\t\t\t#id-69d8f4987492d > .container.show-rules .column+.column, #id-69d8f4987492d > .container.show-rules .wp-block-acf-column+.wp-block-acf-column {\n\t\t\t\tborder-left: none;\n\t\t\t\tborder-top: 1px solid rgba(38, 38, 38, 0.2);\n\t\t\t\tpadding: 30px 0 0 0 !important;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 30px;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t<\/style>\n\t<div class=\"container align-center\">\n\t\t\n<div class=\"column block\">\n\t\n<div id=\"id-69d8f49873dd1\" class=\"box block content-width dark-content zh \" style=\"background-color: transparent; background-image: none;\">\n\t<style>\n\t\t#id-69d8f49873dd1 > .container > .content {\n\t\t\tbackground-color: transparent;\n\t\t\tposition: relative;\n\t\t\tpadding-top: 0px;\n\t\t\tpadding-right: 0px;\n\t\t\tpadding-bottom: 0px;\n\t\t\tpadding-left: 0px;\n\t\t\tmargin-left: 12px;\n\t\t\tmargin-right: 12px;\n\t\t}\n\t\t@media (max-width: 1272px) {\n\t\t\t#id-69d8f49873dd1.box.block.full-width > .container > .content {\n\t\t\t\tpadding-left: 0 !important;\n\t\t\t\tpadding-right: 0 !important;\n\t\t\t\tmargin: 0 !important;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\t@media (max-width: 960px) {\n\t\t\t#id-69d8f49873dd1 > .container > .content {\n\t\t\t\t\/\/padding-top: 0px;\n\t\t\t\tpadding-right: 0px;\n\t\t\t\t\/\/padding-bottom: 0px;\n\t\t\t\tpadding-left: 0px;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t<\/style>\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"content\">\n\t\t\t\n<div id=\"id_69d8f4986fc45\" class=\"media block\">\n\t<div class=\"container media-center \">\n\t\t<div class=\"media\" style=\"left: 0px; min-width: 100%; max-width: 100%;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<script>\n\t(function () {\n\t\tlet hasRun_id_69d8f4986fc45 = false;\n\t\tfunction updateVideoDisplay_id_69d8f4986fc45() {\n\t\t\tconst youtubeVideoId = \"\";\n\t\t\tconst bynderID = \"\";\n\t\t\tconst mediaType = \"image\";\n\t\t\tconst mediaVideoElement = document.getElementById('media-video-id_69d8f4986fc45');\n\t\t\tconst bodyClass = document.body.className || '';\n\t\t\tconst match = bodyClass.match(\/translatepress-([a-z]{2})(?:_[A-Z]{2})?\/i);\n\t\t\tconst currentLanguage = match ? match[1].toLowerCase() : 'en';\n\t\t\tconst isChineseLang = currentLanguage === 'zh';\n\t\t\tconsole.log('isChineseLang:', isChineseLang);\n\t\t\tconsole.log('Language detected:', currentLanguage);\n\t\t\tconst isValidYouTube = youtubeVideoId && \/^[A-Za-z0-9_-]{11}$\/.test(youtubeVideoId);\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tif (!mediaVideoElement || mediaType !== \"video\") return;\n\t\t\tmediaVideoElement.innerHTML = ''; \/\/ Clear existing content\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tlet videoSourceClass = 'fallback-error';\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tif (isChineseLang) {\n\t\t\t\tif (bynderID) {\n\t\t\t\t\tvideoSourceClass = 'bynder';\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\tif (isValidYouTube) {\n\t\t\t\t\tvideoSourceClass = 'youtube';\n\t\t\t\t} else if (bynderID) {\n\t\t\t\t\tvideoSourceClass = 'bynder';\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\/\/ Apply layout class (used in SCSS)\n\t\t\tmediaVideoElement.className = 'video ' + videoSourceClass;\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\/\/ CASE: Chinese language\n\t\t\tif (isChineseLang) {\n\t\t\t\tif (bynderID) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\/\/ Load Bynder\n\t\t\t\t\tif (!document.getElementById('bynder-widgets-js')) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tconst script = document.createElement('script');\n\t\t\t\t\t\tscript.src = 'https:\/\/d8ejoa1fys2rk.cloudfront.net\/bynder-embed\/latest\/bynder-embed.js';\n\t\t\t\t\t\tscript.id = 'bynder-widgets-js';\n\t\t\t\t\t\tscript.setAttribute('data-account-url', 'https:\/\/brandcenter.flex.com');\n\t\t\t\t\t\tscript.setAttribute('data-language', 'zh');\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdocument.body.appendChild(script);\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tconst bynderDiv = document.createElement('div');\n\t\t\t\t\tbynderDiv.id = 'bynder-id_69d8f4986fc45';\n\t\t\t\t\tbynderDiv.className = 'video-bynder';\n\t\t\t\t\tbynderDiv.setAttribute('data-bynder-widget', 'video-item');\n\t\t\t\t\tbynderDiv.setAttribute('data-media-id', bynderID);\n\t\t\t\t\tmediaVideoElement.appendChild(bynderDiv);\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tsetTimeout(() => {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif (typeof BynderEmbed !== 'undefined' && typeof BynderEmbed.load === 'function') {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBynderEmbed.load();\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t}, 500);\n\t\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\t\/\/ No Bynder = error (even if YouTube is valid)\n\t\t\t\t\tshowVideoError();\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\/\/ CASE: Not Chinese\n\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\tif (isValidYouTube) {\n\t\t\t\t\tconst iframe = document.createElement('iframe');\n\t\t\t\t\tiframe.id = 'youtube-id_69d8f4986fc45';\n\t\t\t\t\tiframe.className = 'video-youtube';\n\t\t\t\t\tiframe.src = 'https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/' + youtubeVideoId + '?rel=0';\n\t\t\t\t\tiframe.frameBorder = '0';\n\t\t\t\t\tiframe.playsInline = true;\n\t\t\t\t\tiframe.allow = 'encrypted-media';\n\t\t\t\t\tiframe.allowFullscreen = true;\n\t\t\t\t\tmediaVideoElement.appendChild(iframe);\n\t\t\t\t} else if (bynderID) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\/\/ Load Bynder (fallback if no YouTube)\n\t\t\t\t\tif (!document.getElementById('bynder-widgets-js')) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tconst script = document.createElement('script');\n\t\t\t\t\t\tscript.src = 'https:\/\/d8ejoa1fys2rk.cloudfront.net\/bynder-embed\/latest\/bynder-embed.js';\n\t\t\t\t\t\tscript.id = 'bynder-widgets-js';\n\t\t\t\t\t\tscript.setAttribute('data-account-url', 'https:\/\/brandcenter.flex.com');\n\t\t\t\t\t\tscript.setAttribute('data-language', currentLanguage);\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdocument.body.appendChild(script);\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tconst bynderDiv = document.createElement('div');\n\t\t\t\t\tbynderDiv.id = 'bynder-id_69d8f4986fc45';\n\t\t\t\t\tbynderDiv.className = 'video-bynder';\n\t\t\t\t\tbynderDiv.setAttribute('data-bynder-widget', 'video-item');\n\t\t\t\t\tbynderDiv.setAttribute('data-media-id', bynderID);\n\t\t\t\t\tmediaVideoElement.appendChild(bynderDiv);\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tsetTimeout(() => {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif (typeof BynderEmbed !== 'undefined' && typeof BynderEmbed.load === 'function') {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBynderEmbed.load();\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t}, 500);\n\t\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\t\/\/ No valid YouTube or Bynder = error\n\t\t\t\t\tshowVideoError();\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\t\tfunction showVideoError() {\n\t\t\t\tconst errorDiv = document.createElement('div');\n\t\t\t\terrorDiv.id = 'video-error-id_69d8f4986fc45';\n\t\t\t\terrorDiv.className = 'video-error';\n\t\t\t\terrorDiv.innerHTML = `\n\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Video Unavailable<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The content you\u2019re seeking is momentarily unavailable. We appreciate your patience and look forward to sharing it with you soon.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t`;\n\t\t\t\tmediaVideoElement.appendChild(errorDiv);\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\tfunction runVideoInjection() {\n\t\t\tif (hasRun_id_69d8f4986fc45) return;\n\t\t\thasRun_id_69d8f4986fc45 = true;\n\t\t\tupdateVideoDisplay_id_69d8f4986fc45();\n\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\t\/\/ Always run on front-end\n\t\tif (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n\t\t\tdocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', runVideoInjection);\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\trunVideoInjection();\n\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\t\/\/ Also run in editor if available\n\t\tif (typeof wp !== 'undefined' && wp.domReady) {\n\t\t\twp.domReady(runVideoInjection);\n\t\t}\n\t})();\n\t<\/script>\n\t\n\t<script>\n\t\tdocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\/\/ Get the block element by ID\n\t\t\tvar blockElement = document.getElementById(\"id_69d8f4986fc45\");\n\t\t\tif (!blockElement) return;\n\t\n\t\t\t\/\/ Reveal the block\n\t\t\t(function ($) {\n\t\t\t\tScrollReveal().reveal(blockElement.querySelector(\".container .media\"), {origin: \"bottom\", distance: \"20px\", opacity: 1, duration: 1000});\n\t\t\t\tScrollReveal().reveal(blockElement.querySelector(\".container .content\"), {origin: \"bottom\", distance: \"20px\", opacity: 1, duration: 1000});\n\t\t\t}(jQuery));\n\t\t});\n\t<\/script>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"spacer block\" style=\"height: 12px;\">\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\"><em>Figure 2: Example screenshot of the Flex Power Designer Tool showing, in this case, DC\/DC module hot-spot temperature v. air flow rate <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"column block\">\n\t\n\n<p>For accurate results, electrical and thermal characteristics of the DC\/DC converter must be known and this is provided by the <a href=\"\/flex-power-designer\">Flex Power Designer<\/a> tool for the company\u2019s DC\/DCs. The software allows a system to be configured from drop-down selections and will calculate individual device and system efficiency, power dissipated and hot-spot temperature from user-specified conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Particularly, airflow rate can be defined along with air temperature, PCB thickness, copper coverage and its maximum allowed temperature, which will often be a limiting factor. See example screenshot <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. The tool takes account of the way the device efficiency changes at different temperatures from established test data and will update results \u2018on-the-fly\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:600\">Seeing capability in 3D<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>While the simulation tool shows actual results under specified conditions, the data sheets also provide traditional power derating graphs, for example with air temperature and flow rate.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"id-69d8f49876e51\" class=\"columns block\">\n\t<style>\n\t\t#id-69d8f49876e51 .column, #id-69d8f49876e51 .wp-block-acf-column {\n\t\t\tpadding: 0 18px;\n\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\t#id-69d8f49876e51 > .container.show-rules .column+.column, #id-69d8f49876e51 > .container.show-rules .wp-block-acf-column+.wp-block-acf-column {\n\t\t\tborder-color: rgba(38, 38, 38, 0.2);\n\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\t#id-69d8f49876e51 .column, #id-69d8f49876e51 .wp-block-acf-column {\n\t\t\t.code.block {\n\t\t\t\t.container {\n\t\t\t\t\t.tagembed-widget {\n\t\t\t\t\t\tmax-width: 600px;\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\t@media (max-width: 1320px) {\n\t\t\t#id-69d8f49876e51 > .container {\n\t\t\t\tdisplay: block;\n\t\t\t\tmax-width: 600px;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\t@media (max-width: 1320px) {\n\t\t\t#id-69d8f49876e51 > .container > .column, #id-69d8f49876e51 > .container > .wp-block-acf-column {\n\t\t\t\tpadding: 36px 0 0 0 !important;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\t@media (max-width: 1320px) {\n\t\t\t#id-69d8f49876e51 > .container > .column:first-child, #id-69d8f49876e51 > .container > .wp-block-acf-column:first-child {\n\t\t\t\tpadding: 0 !important;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\t@media (max-width: 1320px) {\n\t\t\t#id-69d8f49876e51 > .container.show-rules .column+.column, #id-69d8f49876e51 > .container.show-rules .wp-block-acf-column+.wp-block-acf-column {\n\t\t\t\tborder-left: none;\n\t\t\t\tborder-top: 1px solid rgba(38, 38, 38, 0.2);\n\t\t\t\tpadding: 30px 0 0 0 !important;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 30px;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t<\/style>\n\t<div class=\"container align-top\">\n\t\t\n<div class=\"column block\">\n\t\n\n<p>For this, assumptions must be made about the size and characteristics of any attached heatsink and PCB as well as air flow direction. For a more accurate indication, Flex Power Modules takes this a step further with \u20183D\u2019 representations of derating with specified baseplate and pin temperatures (<strong>Figure 3<\/strong>). From qualification data, Flex Power Modules has also accurately characterized their parts for the relationship between these interacting hot-spots and maximum allowable junction temperatures, so that users can be confident that if these values are not exceeded at the given power, maximum utilization of the part without undue stress is achieved.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"column block\">\n\t\n<div id=\"id-69d8f49876707\" class=\"box block content-width dark-content zh \" style=\"background-color: transparent; background-image: none;\">\n\t<style>\n\t\t#id-69d8f49876707 > .container > .content {\n\t\t\tbackground-color: transparent;\n\t\t\tposition: relative;\n\t\t\tpadding-top: 0px;\n\t\t\tpadding-right: 0px;\n\t\t\tpadding-bottom: 0px;\n\t\t\tpadding-left: 0px;\n\t\t\tmargin-left: 36px;\n\t\t\tmargin-right: 36px;\n\t\t}\n\t\t@media (max-width: 1272px) {\n\t\t\t#id-69d8f49876707.box.block.full-width > .container > .content {\n\t\t\t\tpadding-left: 0 !important;\n\t\t\t\tpadding-right: 0 !important;\n\t\t\t\tmargin: 0 !important;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\t@media (max-width: 960px) {\n\t\t\t#id-69d8f49876707 > .container > .content {\n\t\t\t\t\/\/padding-top: 0px;\n\t\t\t\tpadding-right: 0px;\n\t\t\t\t\/\/padding-bottom: 0px;\n\t\t\t\tpadding-left: 0px;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t<\/style>\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"content\">\n\t\t\t\n<div id=\"id_69d8f498756fe\" class=\"media block\">\n\t<div class=\"container media-center \">\n\t\t<div class=\"media\" style=\"left: 0px; min-width: 100%; max-width: 100%;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<script>\n\t(function () {\n\t\tlet hasRun_id_69d8f498756fe = false;\n\t\tfunction updateVideoDisplay_id_69d8f498756fe() {\n\t\t\tconst youtubeVideoId = \"\";\n\t\t\tconst bynderID = \"\";\n\t\t\tconst mediaType = \"image\";\n\t\t\tconst mediaVideoElement = document.getElementById('media-video-id_69d8f498756fe');\n\t\t\tconst bodyClass = document.body.className || '';\n\t\t\tconst match = bodyClass.match(\/translatepress-([a-z]{2})(?:_[A-Z]{2})?\/i);\n\t\t\tconst currentLanguage = match ? 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We appreciate your patience and look forward to sharing it with you soon.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t`;\n\t\t\t\tmediaVideoElement.appendChild(errorDiv);\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\tfunction runVideoInjection() {\n\t\t\tif (hasRun_id_69d8f498756fe) return;\n\t\t\thasRun_id_69d8f498756fe = true;\n\t\t\tupdateVideoDisplay_id_69d8f498756fe();\n\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\t\/\/ Always run on front-end\n\t\tif (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n\t\t\tdocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', runVideoInjection);\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\trunVideoInjection();\n\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\t\/\/ Also run in editor if available\n\t\tif (typeof wp !== 'undefined' && wp.domReady) {\n\t\t\twp.domReady(runVideoInjection);\n\t\t}\n\t})();\n\t<\/script>\n\t\n\t<script>\n\t\tdocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\/\/ Get the block element by ID\n\t\t\tvar blockElement = document.getElementById(\"id_69d8f498756fe\");\n\t\t\tif (!blockElement) return;\n\t\n\t\t\t\/\/ Reveal the block\n\t\t\t(function ($) {\n\t\t\t\tScrollReveal().reveal(blockElement.querySelector(\".container .media\"), {origin: \"bottom\", distance: \"20px\", opacity: 1, duration: 1000});\n\t\t\t\tScrollReveal().reveal(blockElement.querySelector(\".container .content\"), {origin: \"bottom\", distance: \"20px\", opacity: 1, duration: 1000});\n\t\t\t}(jQuery));\n\t\t});\n\t<\/script>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"spacer block\" style=\"height: 12px;\">\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\"><em>Figure 3: A typical 3D derating graph, for a device within their BMR491 series<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:600\">Integrating DC\/DC thermal simulation with other components<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Although DC\/DCs might be a major source of heat on a PCB, there will be other components contributing as well, not least those acting as loads on the converter. Their total interaction can be simulated in programs such as FloTherm. Flex Power Modules offers CAD models for their DC\/DCs in STEP format, which can be imported into FloTherm through the FloEDA bridge for a full system thermal simulation. The models are finely detailed to include the heat contributing elements and the characteristics of each DC\/DC PCB layer, including dielectric and vias. Flex Power Modules provides the power dissipated for each source of heat under various operating conditions and defines the temperature monitor points. As a check, the DC\/DC FloTherm model is calibrated against wind-tunnel tests such that simulated temperature rises are typically within 2\u00b0C of the measured values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:600\">Peak load effects<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Many of Flex Power Modules\u2019 DC\/DCs have a peak load capability, for example their <a href=\"\/products\/bmr313\">BMR313 <\/a>series, rated at 1 kW continuous and 3 kW peak. 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For example, with the BMR313, an overload of 3.4 kW or higher causes a fast hardware shutdown within a few microseconds with a \u2018HW_FAULT\u2019 signal generated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Above 2.6 kW, a slower hardware timed shutdown operates within one or two milliseconds with an \u2018OC-FAULT\u2019 signal. Up to 1.8 kW, the shutdown is temperature based, with an alert signal generated on a dedicated pin, requesting the load to reduce power if possible. <strong>Figure 4<\/strong> shows the levels and timings.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"spacer block\" style=\"height: 36px;\">\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The actual junction temperatures reached during peak power events depends naturally on the starting point, and maximum power available with safe operation can be achieved by estimating temperature from current levels and known device characteristics. This is implemented in the BMR350 product for example, where current is monitored and the signal filtered with an \u2018Exponential Moving Average\u2019 (EMA) method. This can be extended with a \u2018dual EMA\u2019 scheme with different weightings to additionally emulate the effects of varying cool-down periods between peak load pulses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:600\">A comprehensive set of design tools for maximum performance and minimum stress<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The combination of Flex Power Designer software, FloTherm models and hardware protection provides a tool set enabling rapid and efficient design, modelling, and monitoring of complex power conversion systems. Choosing modules from the Flex Power Modules range, thermal performance can be optimized at the DC\/DC and system level for minimum stress while achieving maximum power density and value.<\/p>\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u677f\u8f7d\u5f0fDC\/DC\u8f6c\u6362\u5668\u7684\u989d\u5b9a\u529f\u7387\u73b0\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fbe\u5230\u5343\u74e6\u7ea7\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6548\u7387\u5f88\u9ad8\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6d88\u8017\u5927\u91cf\u529f\u7387\u3002\u8d1f\u8f7d\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u90bb\u8fd1\u5143\u4ef6\u7684\u70ed\u91cf\u4ea4\u53c9\u8026\u5408\u610f\u5473\u7740\u9884\u6d4bDC\/DC\u8f6c\u6362\u5668\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u6e29\u5347\u5e76\u975e\u6613\u4e8b\u3002.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":32239,"template":"","categories":[38,90,32,43,97],"tags":[133,134,260,115],"content-type":[13],"class_list":["post-40624","resource","type-resource","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-communications","category-data-center-power","category-industries","category-power","category-power-modules","tag-bmr313","tag-bmr314","tag-bmr350","tag-bmr491","content-type-blog"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/flex.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource\/40624","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/flex.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/flex.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/resource"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flex.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/flex.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource\/40624\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":40682,"href":"https:\/\/flex.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource\/40624\/revisions\/40682"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flex.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/32239"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/flex.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40624"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flex.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=40624"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flex.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=40624"},{"taxonomy":"content-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flex.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content-type?post=40624"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u53ef\u6e7f\u6027\u7c89\u5242","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}